1957. Other governors and government officials intermarried with Ifugao women during their stay. The hagabi lounge chair is a status symbol, indicating that the family belongs to the kadangyan (aristocracy). Researchers and nonmilitary personnel, like Dean Worcester of the Philippine Commission of 1900, went to the mountains to study the indigenous tribes in the Philippines. When the American troops came, the Ifugao were astonished at the difference between them and Aguinaldos troops. Deities are called upon in the forest to approve of the type of tree to be used for the carving. Ifugao: Culture and Tradition Religious Beliefs and Practices The religious beliefs of the Ifugaos are expressed in the numerous rites and prayers that comprise the main body of Ifugao myths. Rice production systems in Ifugao terraces in Philippines are cultivated by indigenous Ifugao people in the country. 2012. Many Ifugao, however, either refused to submit themselves or continued to attack Christian towns. Although there are basic movement patterns to follow, they are free to move as they please, forming a line, for instance, or dance individually. Philip, also known as Ip-pig, is an Ifugao who became a Christian and lived in Manila. This was reflected by the victory of independent candidates for mayoral positions. The abuwab are usually about the husband and wife Bugan and Wigan, said to live in Chuligan (also Dukligan) or Bayukan. The pili carving represents a class of deities responsible for guarding property. 2005. Santos, Soliman, Jr., and Paz Verdades M. Santos. On the Cordillera. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Accessed 5 November 2014. http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Cordillera%20Administrative%20Region.pdf. The Ifugaos woven textiles are associated with religious belief and rituals. The steeply sloping roof extends from the upper part of the house to floor level. Younger men tattoo only their necks and the chest. Another type is the hibat, which is hit in its inner surface with a stick of softwood (Orosa-Goquingco 1980, 72). The house posts are trunks of the amugawan tree. The pavement is as wide as that of the main building. In between the two classes are the natumok, who may own small pieces of land, but these are not sufficient to give them a year-round harvest. In general, Ifugao music can be classified into instrumental and vocal, with vocal music often performed without musical accompaniment. A ceremony is held upon the bulols arrival at the owners house. Barton, Roy F. 1930. Ifugao province has two FM radio stations. Their duel ends only when Aliguyon asks his comrades to take his hip bag to Pumbakhayons house as a sign that he wants Pumbakhayons sister, Bugan, for his wife. Their domesticated animals are chickens, pigs, and ducks. The bulol are carved as seated or standing human figures, although in some areas, figures of pigs are also carved. Aside from dances, the rituals constitute the forms of drama among the Ifugao. Older children sleep in the village dormitories. They have baskets for winnowing, catching pests, domesticating animals, storing grains and cooked food, keeping household utensils, clothes and personal belongings, and performing rituals and religious ceremonies. The performance of the hagabi therefore showcases the wealth of the kadangyan. 5 vols. Another percussion instrument is the bangibang or pattong. Despite their continuous battles with the Ifugao, the American troops spent much effort in learning the peoples culture, and they did not meddle with Ifugao beliefsan important factor for the Ifugao. While this goes on, the priest mentions the names of the deities to whom the offerings are made. These consist of betel nut, chicken claw, feathers, rice wine, pigs, dogs, and chickens. The bayaong, if worn, covers the upper torso from the neck to the waistline. Through the years, the political authority of the mombaki has weakened due to the increasing intervention of the national governance system. The mens effects, such as a betelnut container, kottiwong (small knife), spoon, and amulets are carried in a butong (hip bag), which is a triangular cloth pouch. Certain omens at the wedding, such as the bride slipping or dropping something, can void a marriage. The loose end in front is called the dayude and the one at the back is called the iwitan (tail). The split rattan produces a fluted or grooved appearance. The Ifugao. Unitas 40 (1): 4-52. There are trained chanters for rituals and other social gatherings, and the people feel free to critique the chanting. With a little luck, the 500-year-old Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras may just make it to their 2,000th year. . Manila: Bureau of Printing. The male dancers shake their spears and shields as they dance toward the deceased persons house. Murder victims are allowed a three-day vigil with only the relatives present. A woman may wind a string of beads several times around her hair bun or around her neck. The inggalgaletget, made of two pieces joined together, is for working in the rice paddies. Handbook of Philippine Language Groups. Revenge is a firm Ifugao tradition. A cloth pouch, very similar to that of the mens, serves like a pocket, either tucked in the tapis or held by the hand. Musicians march along with the warriors and lean in unison, first to the right and then to the left, striking one end of their instrument and then the other. During rituals, ancestors are invoked, with the bulol being a central figure, especially in rice rituals. The fiery energy of the Ifugao men was channeled to Constabulary service. Portions of the uncooked meatknown as watwat in Tuwali and togma in Henangaare given to the relatives of the dead to take home. Baguio City: Baguio Printing and Publishing Co. Tolentino, Delfin. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. 1980. Hudhud hi Aliguyon: A Translation of an Ifugao Harvest Song. MA thesis, Stanford University. Feasts are a measure of an Ifugaos prestige or rank. The initial work of preparing the paddies is strenuous. Ethnic Proverbs, Riddles, Legends, and Plays. Journal of Southern Luzon 8 (July-January): 39-93. Soon Aguinaldos men resorted to outright confiscation of food supplies, which earned for them the title black hawks or chicken-stealing fowl. This made the Ifugao desire not only the rifles but even more so the heads of the soldiers. When the two marry, they move to the city and have a child. Every stage of production requires a meticulous ceremony lasting for about six weeks. The myth or tulud recitation ends with the word, Kalidi. The priest then enumerates the benefits to be obtained from the recitation, ending with the phrase, because thou art being mythed (Barton, 7-9). They used hardwoods and timbers for their post. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. 1914. Philippine Pagans: The Autobiographies of Three Ifugaos. (Kill first the mother, before you get the child. Click here to review the details. They beat the gongs with their hands, the right hand giving the downward stroke, the left hand serving to dampen the sound. ), Mga Lumang Kasuotan at Pananamit ng mga Pilipino sa Maynila Noong Unang Panahon (sa mga Nagdaang Siglo), Tiboli (Tboli) Tribe of Mindanao: History, Culture and Arts, Customs and Traditions [Indigenous People | Philippines Ethnic Group], The Kankanaey People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes], The Kalinga Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes], The Aeta People of the Philippines: Culture, Customs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | Ethnic Group], The Ilocano People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Ilocos Region], The Blaan People of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs, Beliefs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | B'laan Tribe Ethnic Group], The Most Interesting Heritage Sites Around Taft Avenue in Manila: Historical Places + Nostalgic Hidden Gems, All Rights Reserved | Read:Disclaimer, Ifugao Indigenous Attire (Jme Foronda: Pananamit: An Illustrated Guide), Ifugao ceremonial container (CCP Collections). The rice fields may also be planted with legumes or vegetables after the harvest, so even the embankments are useful. Gamit skirts are characterized by elaborate border designs, which vary according to the type and color of alternating threads woven into the textile. Each of these rites is addressed to a special deity and ancestor. The Ifugao Rice Terraces epitomize the absolute blending of the physical, socio-cultural, economic, religious, and political environment. Its dayude and iwitan have designs similar to those of the balingbing of a bayaong (blanket). Dumia, Mariano A. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. (1938) 1963. In politics, warlord rule emerged. The Constabulary uniform was adopted to the Ifugao manner of dressing: a khaki shirt with sleeve insignia, cartridge belt, a specially designed loincloth, the traditional hip bag for the men, a padang worn around both legs, and a single-shot Springfield rifle. During the First Golden Age of Philippine Cinema, Gerardo de Leon made Ifugao, 1954, an adaptation of a series in Hiwaga Komiks. The Ifugao do not have a systematic form of writing, but their oral literaturerecorded traditions, beliefs, and ritualsattest to the vast wealth of literary arts in the region. Hunting begins with Ifugao rules being strictly followed by the hunters. By January 1949, the Spaniards had subdued Kiangan, enough to compel 1,076 families to pay a tribute of three or four gantas of rice each. 1979. After the farmers have worked on the fields all day, they may dance the paypayto to the beat of the gangsa. Dances of the Emerald Isles. Two years later, Marcos issued a provision on the decree, penalizing modification, alteration, repair, or destruction of the original features of the terraces. The womans lamma (upper garment) is a short, white, sleeveless shirt, very similar to the sando, the generic Philippine undershirt. Beneath the underworld is a substream called dagah-na. The Spanish never were able to take control of the Ifugao territory. Two or three men chant, march around, and spear the pig. Dolor, Danny. The Hudhud of Dinulawan and Bugan at Gonhadan, on the other hand, narrates Bugans search for a husband, her marriage to Daulayan, Aliguyons long-lost brother, and the courtship and wedding of Aginaya, Aliguyuns sister, and Dinulawan, Bugans brother. Nearly all rites are performed underneath the house or granary, except for hunting, headhunting, and aiyag, which are performed in the forest. In Benjie Garcias Batad: Sa Paang Palay, 2006, an out-of-school Ifugao boy works as a tour guide to help his family and buy his dream rubber shoes. Since the 1960s, the mombakis role has had to compete with that of the government authorities. Llamzon, Teodoro A. The Ifugao, however, sheltered Filipino guerrillas, keeping silent on their presence, despite the brutal methods with which the Japanese tried to extract information from them. Title: Group 4 Author: Alan Last modified by: SSSK Created Date: 9/3/2009 10:39:09 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show Company: Hewlett-Packard Company - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 57ae7e-ZDZmN The wife closely assists the husband, and she takes his place as head of the family when he dies. Some songs require responses while others are extemporaneous. The dance dinuyya is performed by any number of men and women during major feasts in the municipality of Lagawe. Even the Ifugao, who lived in Spanish garrison towns and sought protection from the Spanish military against their own Ifugao enemies, rebelled against Spanish colonial taxes and military abuse. Lambrecht, Francis. Rice is the chief staple; sweet potatoes rank high in consumption but low in prestige. The other gongs are played with sticks that strike the inner surface of the gong. Weaving entails a long process, beginning with the preparation of the raw material to be used; spinning; the iwalangan (winding or skeining); dyeing; warping the cotton threads; and finally the actual weaving, which involves two women or girls who operate the weaving loom. Women wear tattoos, with designs similar to those of the men, on the whole length of their arms. The illegitimate children born out of wedlock are taken care of by their fathers but lack the right to receive inheritance. Wilcox, Cornelius De Witt. 2012. The women gather all sorts of weeds, roots, and decaying matter in piles on the paddies and plant legumes on them. The Ifugao tradition allows both males and females to inherit property from the parents but the firstborn always gets the largest share. After Aguinaldos capture in Palanan, Isabela, in 1901, American troops continued to explore the Cordillera mountains. While kneeling in front of the dancers, the gong players hold the gangsa on top of their thighs with the convex side held up. Accessed 10 August 2014. http://cinemarehiyon.com/. Its two ends hang loose in front and at the back, and reach down to the knees. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. . Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. Chanted by two groups of male singers representing male and female personae, the alim sings of the virtues of the rich, and when performed at wakes, narrates the life and achievements of the dead person. The agba comes in two forms: the spanning of the stick, where the name of the right deity or class of deity is mentioned, during which the stick is believed to grow longer, and the buyun or the balancing of the egg, bean, or any oval-shaped object on a knife blade. . Underneath the roof is a platform that is positioned so that it forms a recess. At the right hand corner of the house, a few inches lower than the floor, is a fireplace under and around which soil is spread out. Introduction/Rationale . ), (What you have planted is what you will reap. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Anthropological Conference. 1980. The Tuwali use white, black, and red, with the last being the dominant color. the Ifugao to begin to migrate to the lowlands and abroad in search of paid work. Then in 1741, the towns of Bayombong and Bagabag were established in Nueva Vizcaya as a base for Spanish operations. . 32 slides Folk arts and design of luzon Lucille Ballares 191.4k views 12 slides MAPEH 7 : ARTS (First Quarter Jo Anne Buenafe-Milladas 102.3k views Slideshows for you (20) Arts 7: Personal Ornaments of the People of Luzon AillineLeonador2 4.1k views Arts and crafts of mindanao John John 251.1k views Folk arts and designs of luzon 1 There are about five kinds of skirts. National Economic and Development Authority-Cordillera Adminsitrative Region. But American superiority in battle and the respect they afforded the Ifugao in these battles made these changes more acceptable. Unlike the Wittfogelian model, Employment opportunities were created. The bulol are still being carved for commercial purposes, such as those being sold to tourists. The rapid assimilation of the Ifugao into the global economic and social system has eroded these ideas. 82 Bul-ul Bring Local Beliefs to Exhibit. Inquirer.net, 27 September. Ifugao songs can be classified into ritual songs and non-ritual songs. Children of the opposite sex, including siblings, are not supposed to hold each other or talk about sex. He calls the crocodiles inhabiting the lake, and they emerge and follow his command, forming a line that stretches toward the mysterious island, which is the heros destination. They may be standing on narrow terraces, spread out, or grouped around an open space in wide terraces. The Ifugao house consists of three levels: the stone pavement, the main building, which stands on the pavement, and the roof. These hipag are ritually smeared with the blood of a sacrificial animal and are stored in baskets with other granary figures. Trail building helped break down the isolation of communities created by years of tribal warfare. When bathed in pigs blood, it is believed to assume new powers and will grant the owner wealth and prosperity. De Leon, Gerardo, director. Then a man, chanting, without looking at the pig, and without stopping his speech, suddenly thrusts his spear into the pigs heart, withdrawing the spear so quickly that the blade remains free of the pigs blood (Wilcox 1912, 112). The bale are small houses with a floor area of around 12 to 15 square meters, raised above the ground on four posts. There are incantations, prayers, and animal sacrifices. Ifugao culture (like Cordillera and non-Christian cultures more generally) has contributed key icons to the national identity of the predominantly Christian and Hispanized Philippines: in 1995 the rice terraces of the Cordillera (the most renowned of which are those built by the Ifugao at Banaue) were declared UNESCO World Heritage sites and in Souvenir program published by the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Manila in conjunction with the event of the same name, 25-26 October. The Ifugao Archaeological Project (IAP), a community-led and collaborative research program of the Save the Ifugao Terraces Movement, University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies. By 2001, worm infestation, the lack of water, and neglect had caused the terraces to be added to the, Ifugao warrior (National Geographic, 1913, Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), Ifugao ritual in Batad, circa 1980 (SIL International), Bulul, Tuwali, Ifugao, circa 1980 (SIL International), Ifugao house bale with rat guards (National Geographic, 1913, Mario Feir Filipiniana Library), Ifugao woman using a traditional loom, 1990 (CCP Collections), Ifugao headgear with kalaw beak, 1990 (CCP Collections), The ulbong, a rice storage basket, circa 1970 (UP Diliman Anthropology Museum), Cordillera bulul (David Baradas Collection), Ifugao epic hero Aliguyon commanding crocodiles to form a bridge for him (Illustration by Benedict Reyna), A pregnant Bugan diving into the sea in search of Ngilin Mangongols rice granary (Illustration by Benedict Reyna), Ifugao children singing the Hudhud, 1993 (Museo Pambata), Ritual dance, Imelda Park, Baguio City, circa 1990 (CCP Collections), Poster of Benjie Garcias Batad: Sa Paang Palay, 2006 (Vic Acedillo, photo courtesy of Benjamin Garcia), McKay, Deirde, and Padmapani L. Perez. This article is from the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Digital Edition. The film won major awards in the 1955 Asian Film Festival in Singapore. It is played by striking the strings with a stick. The tadcheng is a similar instrument with four strings strummed with the fingers. The weaving ritual invokes these deities by their names. Ifugao culture values kinship, family ties, and religious and cultural beliefs. Regular military operations in the region have slowed down development work. Textiles with blue, red, and black dye designs are made into blankets, skirts, and G-strings. Radyo Natin DZVK-FM 101.7, based in Banaue, is run by the Manila Broadcasting Company. Weaving instruments, such as the loom sticks, the spindle, and the apparatus for fluffing, skeining, and winding are made by the menfolk. Its highest elevation is at 2,523 meters, and its waters flow toward Magat River, a tributary of the Cagayan River. The Ifugao peoples response to the public outcry was this: While non-Ifugao Filipinos look upon these terraces as a national symbol and hold them responsible for the maintenance and preservation of these, they, on the other hand, must go where economic security beckons. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Pangulchihon and Angudyawon are the descendants of Bugan, daughter of Amtalaw. In the yard is a wood or stone mortar, which may be carved like an animal head. Savage Gentlemen. Ifugao was also the scene of Yamashitas final stand in 1945. Cimatu, Frank. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Attached to each post is a wooden disk to prevent rats from climbing up the house. This long bench made of hardwood is constructed with ritualized feasting called hagabi performed during the tialgo or the lean period of the year, April and May, that is, when rice is scarce. In 2001, the hudhud chants were recognized by the UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. A binuhlan G-string has a large red stripe called habak in its middle and literally means the be-enemy-ed. The use of the color red, the color of blood, refers to the sun deity, who is the god of war. Sound is produced by striking or banging the instrument. Social classes exist in Ifugao society, and these are based on wealth, indicated by the possession of heirloom objects such as antique porcelain; sacrificial animals like carabaos, pigs, and chickens; other household items of value; and a considerable amount of money. Arts and People of Northern Philippines. In The People and Art of the Philippines, Gabriel Casal, University of California, Los Angeles Museum of Cultural History, and Honolulu Academy of Arts. Copper rings are attached to its top part so that the G-string can be passed through these to secure the bag to the mans side. Although the social organization of the Ifugao differs remarkably from the Balinese, the intensive agricul-tural system and management of irrigation are similar. 2001. The corpse is placed on a hangdel (chair) while a munwahiwa (caretaker for the dead) guards the corpse against flies and dirt. The narrow northwestern coast of Luzon directly facing the West Philippine Sea is the native domain of the Ilocano. The mombakis authority has been challenged by these new institutions. While the carving of the ritual bulol has stopped, the Ifugao continue to use these few remaining images in their rice rituals and in guarding their rice granaries. To get professional research papers you must go for experts like www.HelpWriting.net , Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. When in groups, the Ifugao use proverbs to give advice to the young. Other independent films about the Ifugao are Cyrus Dan Caaress Ifugao Homecoming, 2004; Chris Reyess Batang Ifugao (Ifugao Youth), 2011; and Robert Martins Banaue Boy, 2014. It is a sign of wealth and prestige and is found only underneath the rich Ifugaos house. Sam Isleta. Impact: The Effects of Tourism on Culture and the Environment in Asia and the Pacific: Sustainable Tourism and the Preservation of the World Heritage Site of the Ifugao Rice Terraces, Philippines. Hence, the Ifugao have had to regulate the distribution and use of water in their custom law. In 1979, several hundreds of Ifugao natives were recruited to play Montagnard Indians in Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now. Ifugao Extras and the Making of Apocalypse Now, Historical Background of Cordilleras Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy, Post Comments The takdag involve the whole community and mark the end of the harvest for the rice year. Recent discussions on the ethics of collection and repatriation . The Religion of the Ifugaos. When a person stands on the ground, the floor is about shoulder height. Similar schools at Banaue, Lamut, Lagawe, and Mayoyao were built soon after. Cordillera: Diversity in Culture Change, Social Anthropology of Hill People in Northern Luzon. The hunting yield, though, has been declining. Ifugao workers improved their economic condition, and disparities in wealth were not very significant. A quenching rite, performed by throwing boiling water from the cauldron into the coals, is done and an invocation is again performed. Linguistic boundaries, however, are not quite as clearly delineated. The house is divided into two vertical parts. Ifugao villages consist of 12 to 30 houses, usually near the terraces that they cultivate and near water sources and clumps of trees. Murder victims are ifugao culture slideshare a three-day vigil with only the relatives present omens at the owners house literally means be-enemy-ed... 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